Denmark
The Museum for Contemporary Art in Roskilde acquires a video collection composed of tapes documenting artistic events and performances.

France
"Tendances multiples," exhibition at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris devoted to video in the 1980s. Video programs or individual presentations feature works by French and international artists including Jean-Pierre Bertrand, Robert Cahen, Marc Caro, Philippe Découflé, Jean-Luc Godard, Peter Greenaway, Thierry Kuntzel, Joan Logue, Jean-Baptiste Mondino, Danielle and Jacques-Louis Nyst, Marcel Odenbach, Tony Oursler, and Pierre Trividic (7 March-6 May).

"Passages de l'image," exhibition curated by Raymond Bellour, Catherine David, and Christine Van Assche, at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris. Works by Dennis Adams, Robert Adams, Geneviève Cadieux, Roberta Friedman, Jean-Louis Garnell, Dan Graham, Bill Henson, Gary Hill, Thierry Kuntzel, Suzanne Lafont, Chris Marker, John Massey, Marcel Odenbach, Michael Snow, Bill Viola, Jeff Wall, and Grahame Weinbren (12 September-18 November). Subsequently travels to the Fundació Caixa de Pensiones, Barcelona; the Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, Ohio, and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

First Artifices Biennale in Saint-Denis, "Art à l'ordinateur: invention, simulation," curated by Jean-Louis Boissier and Pierre Courcelles. Works presented include videos on graphics palette, computer animations, interactive videodisks, computer-image videos, interactive computer images, and a digital image network (4-31 October).

"Art & Pub," exhibition at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris. Accompanying AV program features advertising films and artists videos from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s by Luc Besson, Jean-Jacques Beineix, Etienne Chatilliez, Raymond Depardon, Alain Franchet, Jean-Luc Godard, Jean-Paul Goude, Chris Marker, Jean-Baptiste Mondino, and others (30 October 1990-25 February 1991).

Germany
Creation of the Kunsthochschule für Medien (KHM) in Cologne. Directed by Siegfried Zielinski as of 1994.

Great Britain
"19/4/90 Television Interventions," broadcast on Channel 4 TV (produced by Anna Ridley and Jane Rigby), inspired by David Hall's 1971 program "TV Interruptions." Shorts commissioned from Rose Garrard, Ron Geesin, David Hall, Pictorial Heroes, Steve Littman, David Mach, Bruce McClean, Alistair McLennan, Steve Partridge, and others. Rebroadcast of four works by David Hall from his 1971 program. Presentation of works that will later be exhibited at the Third Eye Centre in Glasgow and the Ikon Gallery in Birmingham.

British Film and Video Biennale at the Institute of Contemporary Art in London. Traveling program of independent British films and videos curated by Tilda Swinton and organized by the Arts Council and the British Council.

Edge 90, International Performance, Installation, and Video Biennale in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne. Features "The Observatory" vidéothèque by Michael Maziere and a selection of international tapes by Marina Abramovic and Ulay, Robert Cahen, Gianni Toti, Robert Wilson, and Cerith Wyn Evans.

London Film Festival at the National Film Theatre / Museum of the Moving Image in London includes a video section by Jeremy Walsh and Michael Maziere. Among the artists invited are John Sanborn and Mary Perillo, Breda Beban, Hrvoje Horvatic, and Gianni Toti.

"One Minute Television," one-minute films and videos commissioned jointly by the BBC and the Arts Council, are broadcast on "The Late Show" on BBC 2 TV.

"Sign of the Times, A Decade of Video, Film, and Slide-Tape Installations, 1980-1990," exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in Oxford, curated by Chrissie Iles in collaboration with the British Council. Includes works by Rose Finn-Kelcey, Judith Goddard, Roberta Graham, David Hall, Susan Hiller, Tina Keane, Tamara Krikorian, Stuart Marshall, Joyne Parker, Holly Warburton, Chris Welsby, Jeremy Welsh, Anthony Wilson, and Cerith Wyn Evans.

"The Dazzling Image," produced by Jane Thorburn for "The Eleventh Hour" on Channel 4 TV. Features videos and films produced by the Arts Council, the British Film Institute, and Channel 4, including works by Isaac Julien, Sandra Lahire, David Larcher, Cordelia Swann, Cerith Wyn Evans, and Graham Young.

Spain
Bienal de la imagen en Movimiento '90, exhibition organized by the Museo Naciónal Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid, curated by José Ramón Pérez Ornia). Presentation of installations by Eugènia Balcells, Gary Hill, Thierry Kuntzel, Barbara Steinman, and Bill Viola along with a Peter Greenaway retrospective (12-24 December).

United States
"Bay Area Media," exhibition organized by Robert Riley for the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Includes works by Jim Campbell, Bill Fontana, Doug Hall, Lynn Hershman, Paul Kos, Tony Labat, Chip Lord and Mickey McGowan, and Alan Rath (15 March-13 May).

"Image World. Art and Media Culture," exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. Video installations by Dara Birnbaum, Nancy Burson and David Kramlich, Peter Campus, Carol Ann Klonarides, Bruce Nauman, Nam June Paik, Richard Serra, and Bill Viola.

1991
Austria
Ars Electronica '91 festival in Linz on the theme "Out of Control" (with the participation of Paul Virilio). Video retrospectives, installations by Paul De Marinis, Ingo Günther, and others. Presentation of a project on television art, Stadtwerkstatt-TV, broadcast live (10-13 September).

Denmark
7. Arhus Internationale Videofestival, organized by the Danish Film Institute Workshop and the Haderslev and Arhus Film Workshop. This year's festival presents Scandinavian video works along with several installations.

France
Imagina, the Tenth International New Images Forum in Monte Carlo, organized by the Television Festival of Monte Carlo and the Institut national de l'audiovisuel on the theme "Virtual Worlds." Head of the Imagina-France program: Philippe Quéau (30 January-1 February).

Robert Filliou retrospective at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris (July-September).

Vidéo-Arts Plastiques Festival in Hérouville-Saint-Clair (near Caen). Features a retrospective of videotapes by David Hall and works by British artists George Barber, Clio Barnard, John Butler, David Cox, Lei Cox, Michael Denton, Terry Flaxton, Rose Garrard, Clive Gillman, Judith Goddard, David Larcher, William Latham, Alison Leaf, Steve Littman, Steve Partridge, and Dean Stockton.

"L'Amour de l'art," First Lyons Biennale of Contemporary Art. The video section, "Et si la télévision devenait un art," curated by Georges Rey, presents various trends in French video: dance video, TV programs, video clips, documentaries, ads, and artists tapes.

"Jean-Christophe Averty, collages, découpages," exhibition at the Espace Electra in Paris, curated by Anne-Marie Duguet.

Great Britain
"Video Postive," the second international festival of installations and videos, held at the Tate Gallery in London, Blue Coat Gallery, Open Eye, and Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool. Features works by Nail Bartlett, Simon Biggs, Ian Bourn, Lei Cox, Catherine Elwes, Louise Forshaw, Clive Gillman, Judith Goddard, David Hall, Mick Hartney, Mona Hatoum, Severed Heads, Tamara Krikorian, Stuart Marshall, and Mark Wilcox.

Japan
Second International Biennale - ARTEC '91 at the Nagoya City Art and Science Museum and Shirakawa Park in Nagoya. Artists include Gary Hill, Shigeko Kubota, Marie-Jo Lafontaine, Mary Lucier, Studio Azzuro, Keiichi Tanaka, Peter Vogel, and others (10 October-10 November).

United States
Paper Tiger TV collective produces regular broadcasts on a New York public television station. It uses TV and the news reporting format for critiques of institutions.

1992
Austria
Ars Electronica '92 festival in Linz on the theme "Die Welt von Innen," curated by Peter Weibel. (22-27 June).

France
Imagina, the Eleventh International New Images Forum in Monte Carlo, organized by the Television Festival of Monte Carlo and the Institut national de l'audiovisuel. Head of the Imagina-France program: Philippe Quéau (30 January-1 February).

Creation of the "Revue Virtuelle" at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris by Christine Van Assche, Martine Moinot, and Jean-Louis Boissier. This virtual "magazine" addresses all the new technologies (the virtual, computer images, multimedia) from the multiple viewpoints of science, aesthetics, museography, and education. Twelve thematic "issues" will fgive rise to public lectures, publications, and exhibitions. A bilingual CD-ROM, L'Actualité du virtuel / Actualizing the Virtual (1996) provides a synthesis of these activities.

"Manifeste. 30 ans de création en perspective, 1960-1990," exhibition at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris. Video installations by international artists in the museum's collection include Peter Campus, Jean-André Fieschi, Dan Graham, Thierry Kuntzel, Bruce Nauman, Marcel Odenbach, Nam June Paik, Martial Raysse, and Bill Viola. Opening of a permanent space within the museum for viewing videos on demand. Curator for the New Media Department: Christine Van Assche (18 June-28 September).

Artifices 2 in Saint-Denis on the theme "Le réel saisi par les machines," curated by Jean-Louis Boissier and Anne Perrot. Includes installations by Bill Fontana, Piero Gilardi, Piotr Kowalski, Matt Mullican, and Woody Vasulka (6 November-3 December).

Gary Hill retrospective at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris. The exhibition, curated by Christine Van Assche, includes seven recent installations (1987-1992) and a retrospective of video works (25 November 1992-24 January 1993).

"Ateliers 1992" at the ARC, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris. The video section features works by Philippe Andrevon, Cuckovic, Bénédicte Espiau, Laure Girardeau, Lydie Jean-Dit-Panel, Franck Magnant, and César Vayssié.

Germany
Multimediale 1 at the ZKM in Karlsruhe.

Great Britain
Second Biennial of Independent Film and Video at the Institute of Contemporary Art in London, curated by Peter Wollen.

Italy
"Video France 92" at the Institut Français in Florence features videos made and produced in France. The French selection is organized by the Centre international de création vidéo (CICV) in Montbéliard, a partner in the exhibition. Artists include Alain Bourges, Christian Boustani, Robert Cahen, Dominique Debaralle, Catherine Derosier, Stéphane Gatti, Véro Goyo, Alain Jomier, Sandra Kogut, Jean-Louis Le Tacon, Jérôme Lefdup, Alain Longuet, Yann N'Guyen Minh, Claude Mourieras, Marcel Odenbach, Georges Pasquier and Alain Willaume, Yves de Peretti, Estelle Pianet, Eve Ramboz, Pierre Trividic, Teresa Wennberg, Wonder Products, and Patrick Zanoli (11-13 April).

Spain
Bienal de la imagen en Moviemento '92, "Spanish Visionaries," at the Museo Naciónal Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid.

"Electronic Art: Imatges en moviment. Obres de la collecció del ZKM Karlsruhe," exhibition organized by the Fundació Joan Miró in Barcelona. Artists include Jonathan Borofsky, Klaus vom Bruch, Ingo Günther, Rebecca Horn, Dieter Jung, Marie-Jo Lafontaine, Bruce Nauman, Nam June Paik, Friederike Pezold, Fabrizio Plessi, Jeffrey Shaw, and others (2 July-6 September).

United States-France
"Trans-Voices," a public art event organized simultaneously in Paris (American Center) and New York (Whitney Museum/Public Art Fund), includes fourteen videos broadcast by Canal+ in France and MTV in the United States. The French tapes are produced by the CICV in Montbéliard (16 September-10 November).

1993
Austria
Ars Electronica '93 in Linz (14-18 June).

France
Imagina, the Twelfth International New Images Forum in Monte Carlo, organized by the Television Festival of Monte Carlo and the Institut national de l'audiovisuel on the theme "Le temps du temps réel." Head of the Imagina-France program: Philippe Quéau (17-19 February).

In conjunction with the Canadian cinema retrospective at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, the Musée national d'art moderne presents a program of Canadian videos including tapes by Colin Campbell, General Idea, Janine Marchessault, Doug Porter, Lisa Steele, Kim Tomczak, and others (31 March-30 June).

Thierry Kuntzel exhibition at the Galerie national du Jeu de Paume in Paris, curated by Anne-Marie Duguet. Includes objects, videos, and video installations (27 April-20 June).

"Transpositions," exhibition at the Ferme du Buisson, Centre d'art et de culture in Marne-la-Vallée, Noisiel. Artists include Akarova, Judith Barry, Andrea Blum, Nigel Coates, Sonja Dicquemare, Loïe Fuller, Dan Graham, Robert Morris, Bruce Nauman, and Oskar Schlemmer. A colloquium is held on relations between contemporary art and dance (29 April-28 June).

"Images en scène" organized by ART 3000 (Christian Oddos, director) at the Palais de Tokyo in Paris. Features video installations by Dominik Barbier, Dominique Belloir, Christian Boustani, Sabine de Chalendar, Claire Dehove, Jean-Paul Fargier, Ghislaine Gohard, Loïc Jugue, Eve Ramboz, and others (11-13 June).

"Ici Paris (Europe): Nouvelles tendances de la vidéo en France," exhibition at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris. Features the works of seventeen artists: Philippe Andrevon, Joël Bartoloméo, Sabine de Chalendar, Florence Deygas, Esti, Christiane Geoffroy, Véro Goyo, Hänzel and Gretel, Octavio Iturbe, Loïc Jugue, Olivier Kuntzel, Jérôme Lefdup, Francisco Ruiz de Infante, Pierrick Sorin, Wim Vandekeybus, César Vaussié, and Walter Verdin (23 June-30 September). The exhibition travels to New York and Japan.

"Images et artifices: un choix de jeunes créateurs français. Vidéo et infographie," exhibition at the ARC, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, curated by Angeline Scherf. Includes videotapes by Cécile Babiole, Bériou, Marc Caro, Eric Coignoux, Didier Kerbrat, Jérôme Lefdup, Françoise Petiot, and Dominique Pochat (24 June-12 September).

"Et tous ils changent le monde," Second Lyons Biennale of Contemporary Art, organized by Marc Dachy, Thierry Prat, and Thierry Raspail. Features works by George Brecht, John Cage, Robert Filliou, Allan Kaprow, George Maciunas, Robert Morris, Bruce Nauman, and others (3 September-13 October).

Germany
Multimediale 3, ZKM in Karlsruhe (6-13 November).

Netherlands
11th World Wide Video Festival, Kijkhuis, in The Hague, featuring an international selection of recent video productions and multimedia installations (19-25 April).

Spain
"Beyond Sight," Bill Viola exhibition organized by the Museo Naciónal Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid.

Switzerland
Fifth International Video Week (Biennale de l'image en mouvement) at the Centre pour l'image contemporaine in Saint-Gervais, Geneva, featuring retrospectives of the works of Vito Acconci, Robert Cahen, and Bill Viola, programs by René Pulfer and Philippe Grandrieux, and installations by Dan Graham, General Idea, and Bill Viola (29 October-6 November).

United States
"Fluxus", exhibition at the Walker Arts Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

1994
Austria
Ars Electronica '94 in Linz on the theme "Intelligente Ambiente" (21-25 June).

France
Stan Douglas exhibition at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris, featuring three multimedia installations (12 January-7 February).

"L'Hiver de l'amour bis" at the ARC, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, with works by Sadie Benning, Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster, Marie-Ange Guilleminot, Chris Hover, General Idea, Tom Kalin, and Julia Scher (10 February-13 March)

Imagina, the Thirteenth International New Images Forum in Monte Carlo, organized by the Television Festival of Monte Carlo and the Institut national de l'audiovisuel on the theme "Le temps des clones." Head of the Imagina-France program: Philippe Quéau (16-18 February).

First presentation in France of a selection of works (1983-1994) by Mona Hatoum at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris. The video installation Corps étranger is specially conceived for this exhibit (8 June-22 August).

Joseph Beuys exhibition at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris. A program of his films and videos, "Joseph Beuys, films et videos. Je suis un émetteur, je rayonne," is available for viewing on demand (30 June-3 October).

"Artifices 3" in Saint-Denis on the theme "Scénographie de la mémoire," curated by Jean-Louis Boissier and Anne-Marie Duguet. Features installations by Maurice Benayoun, Chen Chih-Cheng, Luc Courchesne, Frank Fietzek, Masaki Fujihata, Claude Gaçon, Rainer Ganahl, Agnès Hegedüs, Eric Lanz, George Legrady, Cécile Le Prado, Laurent Mignonneau, and Christa Sommerer (5 November-4 December).

"Ateliers 94" at the ARC, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, featuring works by Joël Bartoloméo, Rebecca Bournigault, Philippe Dorain and Serge Comte, and Cyrille Doukhan (4 November 1994-8 January 1995).

"Hors limites," exhibition at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris, includes a program of films and videos by Vito Acconci, Ben, Jean Dupuy, Michel Journiac, George Maciunas, Nam June Paik, Gina Pane, and others (9 November-22 December). A parallel program of videotapes from the museum collection is presented under the title "Hors Limites Off" (Off-Off Limits).

"Points de vue (Images d'Europe)," exhibition at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris, a sequel to "Ici Paris (Europe)", organized in 1993. Artists include Martin Arnold, Joël Bartoloméo, Michel Curran, Douglas Gordon, Johan Grimonprez, Matthias Müller, Alison Lurray, Chris Saunders, Ron Sluik and Reiner Kurpershoek, Stephanie Smith, Georgina Starr, Imogen Stidworthy, and Keith Stutter (14 December 1994-30 March 1995).

Great Britain
Third Biennial of Independent Film and Video at the Institute of contemporary Art in London, curated by John Wywer.

1995
Chile
First Biennale of Video Art in Santiago.

Denmark
"Time Slice," exhibition at the Royal Museum of Fine Arts in Copenhagen. Presentation of Works by students at the School of Media Art, including Simone Aaberg Karn, Siren Martinsen, Stine Meldgaard, Nikolaj Recke, Jeanette Schou, and others.

France
Imagina, the Fourteenth International New Images Forum in Monte Carlo, organized by the Television Festival of Monte Carlo and the Institut national de l'audiovisuel on the theme "Le cyber ère." Head of the Imagina-France program: Philippe Quéau (1-3 February).

Matthew Barney exhibition at the Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain in Paris, curated by Hervé Chandès (3 March-16 April).

"Morceaux choisis", exhibition at the Magasin / Centre national d'art contemporain in Grenoble, curated by Paul-Hervé Parsy and Christine Macel. Artists include Marina Abramovic and Ulay, Vito Acconci, Valie Export, Gilbert and George, Marie-Ange Guilleminot, Rebecca Horn, Michel Journiac, Mike Kelley, Paul McCarthy, Bruce Nauman, Nam June Paik, and Cindy Sherman (14 October 1995-7 January 1996).

The exhibition "Fémininmasculin, le sexe de l'art" at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris, curated by Marie-Laure Bernadec and Bernard Marcadé. Features special sections with a number of young artists working with the latest media: slide projections, videotapes, video installations, CD-ROMs, sound mixes, and online works. Artists in these sections include Sadie Benning, Marie-Ange Guilleminot, Marie Legros, Alberto Sorbelli, and others (26 October 1995-12 February1996).

Doublas Gordon exhibition at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris (9 December 1995-22 January 1996).

The Pierre Schaeffer Online Creation Workshop at the CICV in Montbéliard offers artists possibilities for online creation and dissemination of their work. French artists with projects on the CICV Website include: Gisela Domsche and Fabio Itapura, Marc Etc, Nicolas Frespech, Patrick de Geetere, Christiane Geoffroy, Ghislaine Gohard, Olivier Goulet, Michel Guet, David Guez, Fabrice Hybert, Antoine Moreau, and Karine Vonna and Georges Cazenove.

Third Lyons Biennale of Contemporary Art, curated by Thierry Prat, Thierry Raspail, and Georges Rey, is devoted to moving images. Artists include Vito Acconci, Catherine Beaugrand, Jean-Louis Boissier, Café Electronique, Pater Campus, Emmanuel Carlier, Claude Closky, Cheryl Donegan, Ken Feingold, Paul Garin, Dan Graham, Marie-Ange Guileminot, Ann Hamilton, Gary Hill, Pierre Huyghe, Fabrice Hybert, Joan Jonas, Jon Kessler, Laurent Mignonneau and Christa Sommerer, Bruce Nauman, Dennis Oppenheim, Orlan, Tony Oursler, Philippe Parreno, Eric Rondepierre, Pierrick Sorin, Mike and Doug Starn, Diana Thater, Bill Viola, and others (20 December 1995-18 February 1996).

The second half of the 1990s is marked by the appearance of artists' sites on the Internet. In France, along with the site of the CICV in Montbéliard, Icono & Cie, created by Emmanuel Barrault, Sophie Rostain, Christophe Salaün, and Maï Tran, is one of the early initiatives using the Internet not simply to present existing works but to generate projects for the Web.

Germany
Multimediale 4 at the ZKM in Karlsruhe.

Publication of Künstler-Videos. Entwicklung und Bedeutung, by Friedemann Malsch, Dagmar Streckel, and Ursula Perucchi-Petri.

Great Britain
"Rites of passage", exhibition at the Tate Gallery in London, with video works by Susan Hiller, Mona Hatoum, and Bill Viola (June).

"The British Art Show" in Manchester features video works by Douglas Gordon, Georgina Starr, Mark Wallinger, Jane and Louise Wilson, and films by Tacita Dean, Ceal Floyer, and Steve McQueen (November, travels afterward).

Spain
"Señales de Vídeo," exhibition at the Museo Naciónal Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid, curated by Eugeni Bonet. Features forty works by thirty-four Spanish artists and groups, including Enrique Fontanilles, Grupo 3TT, Javier Montero, Antoni Muntadas, Francisco Ruiz de Infante, and Francesc Torres (11 October-4 November).

Switzerland
Sixth International Video Week (Biennale de l'image en mouvement) at the Centre pour l'image contemporaine in Saint-Gervais, Geneva. Includes Chris Marker, Robert Filliou, and Guy Debord retrospectives and cartes blanches to Saskia Bos, Rudolf Friedling, Carol Ann Klonarides, Johan Grimonprez and Herman Asselbergs, and Stéphanie Moisdon Trembley and Nicolas Trembley (November).

United States
Silent Movie, a multimedia installation by Chris Marker, is produced and presented at Arts in Columbus, Ohio. Composed of videotapes, videodisks, and still images, this installation is an homage to the centennial of the invention of the cinema (26 January-9 April).

1996
Denmark
For "Copenhagen Cultural City 1996," Ane Mette Ruge and Jacob Schokking create Danske piger viser alt (The Danes Show Everything), an anthology of twenty shorts by Danish and foreign film- and videomakers. Schokking is the founder of Holland House (1988), an organization that produces a long series of video-opera installations, notably the video oratorio Public Secret in 1996.

Finland
"Impermanent," exhibition at the Kuvataideakatemian Galleria in Helsinki. Twenty-two artists from different countries, including Claire Angelini, Hui Kiang Seng, Jan Kopp, and Pia Lindman, present videos, films, slide shows, sound installations, concerts, poetry, and contemporary dance (31 December 1996-12 January 1997).

France
Imagina, the Fifteenth International New Images Forum in Monte Carlo, organized by the Television Festival of Monte Carlo and the Institut national de l'audiovisuel on the theme "Arts en réseaux." Head of the Imagina-France program: Philippe Quéau (21-23 February).

"Auto Reverse 2," exhibition at the Magasin, Centre d'art contemporain in Grenoble, the second part of a project by Stéphanie Moisdon Trembley. The first part took place in May 1995 in Geneva, with a colloquium and a program of videotapes. Artists include Absalon, Vito Acconci, Joël Bartoloméo, Dominiaue Gonzalez-Foster, Douglas Gordon, Marie-Ange Guilleminot, and Pipiloti Rist (22 June-8 September).

"L'art au corps, le corps exposé de Man Ray à nos jours", exhibition at the Musée d'art contemporain in Marseille, curated by Philippe Vergne. Includes artists videos by Vito Acconci, Chris Burden, Dan Graham, Marie-Ange Guilleminot, Mona Hatoum, Fabrice Hybert, Mike Kelley, Bruce Nauman, Orlan, Tony Oursler, Gina Pane, Friedericke Pezold, Alberto Sorbelli, Ben Vautier, and others (7 July-15 October).

"Artifices 4" in Saint-Denis, artistic director: Jean-Louis Boissier. Features installations by Jeffrey Shaw, CD-ROMs, artist Websites, and discussion series on contemporary art (6 November-5 December).

Great Britain
"Pandaemonium," exhibition at the Institute of Contemporary Art in London, curated by George Muir.

Netherlands
Manifesta, first European Biennale of Contemporary Art, curated by C. Neray, Andrew Renton, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Rosa Martinez, and Victor Misiano (June).

United States
"Hall of Mirrors: Art and Film Since 1945," exhibition at the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art, curated by Kerry Brougher. Installations and films by John Baldessari, Joseph Beuys, Luis Buñuel, James Coleman, Stan Douglas, Jean-Luc Godard, Douglas Gordon, Dan Graham, Chris Marker, Cindy Sherman, and others (17 March-28 July).

1997
France
Le printemps de Cahors, photography and art festival. "1 minute scénario", artist films and videos, curated by Jérôme Sans (6-22 June).

Immemory, CD-ROM by Chris Marker, coproduced by the Centre Georges Pompidou and Films de l'Astrophore, is presented in installation form at the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, and a large number of festivals in France and abroad, notably Documenta 10 in Kassel.

Be Careful! By playing the phantom, you become one, an installation by Johan Grimonprez and Herman Asselberghs, is presented in the Grand Foyer at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris (4 June-29 September). Grimonprez also presents dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y (21 June-28 September).

Fourth Lyons Biennale of Contemporary Art on the theme of the Other, curated by Harald Szeemann. Artists include Martine Alballéa, Rebecca Bournigault, Chris Burden, Serge Comte, Stan Douglas, Douglas Gordon, Marie-Ange Guilleminot, Gary Hill, Chris Marker, Paul McCarthy, and Richard Serra (9 July-24 September). In conjunction with the Biennale, an exhibition on the Internet, "Version originale: 27 artistes sur Internet," curated by Georges Rey, is presented by the Musée d'art contemporain in Lyons. Artists include Joël Bartoloméo, Ben, Jean-Louis Boissier, Serge Comte, Patrick Corillon, Christiane Geoffroy, Paul-Armand Gette, Hervé Graumann, Marie-Ange Guilleminot and Fabrice Hybert, Pierre Joseph, Matthieu Laurette, Ange Leccia, Philippe Parreno and Pierre Huyghe, Philippe Perrin, Alberto Sorbelli, Jean-Luc Vilmouth, and Bruno Yvonnet.

"Bruce Nauman Image/Texte 1966-1996," exhibition at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris (travels afterward to the Kunstmuseum in Wolfsburg, the Hayward Gallery in London, and Kiasma/Helsinki Museum of Contemporary Art) (16 December 1997-9 March 1998).

Germany
Inauguration of the Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie (ZKM) at the Hammenbau in Karlesruhe (18-19 October).

Multimediale 5 at the ZKM in Karlsruhe (18 October-9 November).

Italy
For the French Pavilion at the Venice Biennale, Fabrice Hybert installs a television studio, "Eau d'or, eau dort, ODOR - La danse des cameramen. La télévision est un lieu inexploré de sensualité" (15 June-9 November).

Switzerland
Seventh International Video Week (Biennale de l'image en mouvement), Centre pour l'image contemporaine in Saint-Gervais, Geneva. Chantal Akerman, Rebecca Horn, and Roman Signer retrospectives, exhibitions by Fischli and Weiss, Chris Marker and Felix S. Huber, Philip Pocock and Florian Wenz (31 October-8 November).

1998
Austria
Ars Electronica '98 in Linz on the theme "Infowar" (7-12 September).

"Kunst und Globale Medien," exhibition at the Steirischer Herbst '98 in Graz, curated by Peter Weibel. Artists include Harun Farocki (video program, Schnittstelle installation), Joris Ivens (screenings), Chris Marker (program of his films and videos, Zapping Zone, Immemory, and Roseware installations) (26 September-26 October).

Belgium
Second "Verbindingen. Jonctions" media art festival organized by Constant vzw in collaboration with various cultural institutions in Brussels. Includes installations, CD-ROMs, films, videos, and performances presented throughout Brussels (Palais des Beaux-Arts, Galerie Ravenstein, Kaaitheaterstudio's, Beursschouwburg, Moving Art Studio, Filmmuseum) (19 March-24 April).

Brazil
São Paolo Biennale, includes It's Really Nice, installation by Pierrick Sorin.

France
ARC, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, exhibition by Pierre Huyghe, Dominique Gonzalez-Foster, and Philippe Parreno.

"Projections, Transports de l'image," inaugural exhibition at Le Fresnoy, Studio national des arts contemporains in Tourcoing. Curated by Dominique Paini, the exhibition includes film and video installations by Jean-Pierre Bertrand, Patrick Bokanowski, the Cellule d'intervention Metamkine, Alain Fleischer (director of Le Fresnoy), Henri Foucault, Bill Seaman, and Michael Snow (March).

The Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris presents the videotape collection of the Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, and Chris Marker's Immemory during the closing of the Centre Pompidou for renovations.

Germany
Stan Douglas exhibition at the Kunstverein in Hanover.

Luxembourg
Manifesta 2, the Second European Biennale of Contemporary Art, curated by Robert Fleck, Maria Lind, and Barbara Vanderlinden (28 June-11 October).

Spain
Solo exhibitions devoted to Dan Graham, Antoni Muntadas (Hibridos), and Marcel Odenbach organized by the Museo Naciónal Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid.

Switzerland
"68-98: trente ans de film militant... et quelques restes," exhibition organized by the Centre pour l'image contemporaine in Saint-Gervais, Geneva. Artists include Guy Debord, Jean-Luc Godard, Johan Grimonprez, and Chris Marker (May-June).

Gary Hill exhibition at the Centre pour l'image contemporaine in Saint-Gervais, Geneva (5 September-11 October).